Religion and Fertility: A Longitudinal Register Study Examining Differences by Sex, Parity, Partner's Religion, and Religious Conversion in Finland.

We use longitudinal data on religious affiliation in Finland to examine childbearing behavior. All analyses are based on detailed fertility information from the Finnish national register of each person's religious denomination for men and women born in 1956-1975. We identify higher fertility according to parity among members of the Evangelical Lutheran state church and other Protestant churches, and lower fertility among individuals with no religious affiliation. Most other religious groups-Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims, and adherents of Eastern religions-have intermediate levels of fertility. We also find that religious converts, that is, those observed with more than one religious denomination over their life course, typically are similar to the non-converts of the group they convert to, though with more distinct deviations from the Finnish population. Women show larger differences by religious affiliation than men. We find the largest differences across religions when we examine the proportion of childless men and women. Overall, differences between religious groups are rather modest, and childbearing patterns are quite similar. Our results provide, to our knowledge, the first examination of religion and fertility using national-level longitudinal data.

And then there were none: Regional dynamics of non-religious identities, beliefs and practices among Canadian millennials.

Religious nones - or, in other words, those who say that they have no religion when asked - are one of the fastest growing demographics in Canada, especially among young adults aged 18-35. Using statistical data from a 2019 Millennial Trends Survey, a diversity of approaches to religion, spirituality and non-religion can be seen within this broad category of individuals. Based on these findings, the author argues that the two main theoretical frameworks of 'secular transition' and 'spiritual but not religious' should be understood as complementary, rather than contradictory, in understanding the religious none phenomenon. Evidence of five distinct regional patterns of religious nones across the country is found, which are designated as 'spiritual British Columbia', 'dispersed Prairies', 'vestigial and uncertain Ontario', 'non-believing Quebec' and 'stigmatized Atlantic Canada' nones.

Les non-religieux ­ ou, en d'autres termes, ceux qui disent ne pas avoir de religion lorsqu'on leur pose la question ­ constituent l'un des groupes démographiques à la croissance la plus rapide au Canada, en particulier chez les jeunes adultes âgés de 18 à 35 ans. À l'aide de données statistiques tirées du Millennial Trends Survey 2019, on peut observer une diversité d'approches de la religion, de la spiritualité et de la non-religion au sein de cette vaste catégorie d'individus. Sur la base de ces résultats, l'auteur soutient que les deux principaux cadres théoriques de « transition séculaire ¼ et de « spirituel mais non religieux ¼ doivent être considérés comme complémentaires, plutôt que contradictoires, pour comprendre le phénomène de la non-religion. On constate l'existence de cinq modèles régionaux distincts de non-religieux à travers le pays, qui sont désignés comme étant les non-religieux « spirituels de la Colombie-Britannique ¼, « dispersés des Prairies ¼, « vestigiaux et incertains de l'Ontario ¼, « non-croyants du Québec ¼ et « stigmatisés du Canada atlantique ¼.

Religiosity of Migrants and Natives in Western Europe 2002-2018: Convergence and Divergence.

Patterns of religiosity among both settled and migrant populations have been the subject of intense, and often conflicting, scholarly debate. In Europe, most analysis of migrant religiosity has focused on Islam, though migrants to Western European countries come from a wide range of religions and denominations. Despite a general assumption of assimilation over generations to greater secularization, evidence on trends in religiosity across migrants of different religions and for both first and second generations remains partial. We use the European Social Survey (rounds 1-9) to examine three dimensions of religiosity encompassing both performative and subjective domains, across 15 Western European destination countries over a 16-year period. While variation in religiosity between different affiliations is not large, migrants tend to have higher religiosity than non-migrants across the religious affiliations we consider. Over time we see that while natives show an overall decline in religiosity over the period, first- and second-generation Protestants and Muslims show increases in religiosity, providing some evidence for religious revival. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of secularization and religious revival, and the future religious landscape of Europe.

A counterexample to secularization theory? Assessing the Georgian religious revival.

Secularization theory allows for transitory religious revivals under certain conditions, such as extreme societal crises or state weakness. The country of Georgia has witnessed the largest religious revival of Orthodox countries and one of the most striking religious resurgences worldwide. This paper gives both a statistical and historical description of this revival and asks whether it is a counterexample to secularization theory. We show that the main thrust of the religious revival in Georgia lasted 25 years and seized the entire society in what was mainly a period effect. The most significant cause for the revival was a major societal and economic crisis starting in 1985 combined with a very weak state, creating massive individual insecurity. In these circumstances, the Georgian Orthodox Church was able to provide identity for individuals and legitimacy for governments. Other possible causes of the revival-state funding, too rapid modernization, or emigration-can be excluded as primary drivers of the process. The Georgian case shows a situation in which secularization theory expects transitory revivals and is thus not a counterexample.

The future of chaplaincy in a secularized society: a mixed-methods survey from the Netherlands.

The spiritual care profession in the Netherlands is going through significant changes, including an increasing demand for secular and multi-faith spiritual care, a move towards professionalization and formulating 'best practices', as well as a broadening of the scope of chaplains' activities.In October 2019, 405 Dutch healthcare chaplains completed an online mixed methods survey with open and closed-ended questions about their work situation and professional identity. Quantitative analyses showed that most respondents evaluated current developments in chaplaincy in a positive way. Qualitative findings showed trends towards interconfessional and secular spiritual care, outpatient spiritual care and the emergence of evidence-based chaplaincy. Participants who responded most negatively to those developments criticized evidence-based approaches for measuring the effects of chaplaincy, unstable financing structures, and the encroachment of other professions upon the domain of spiritual care.

The Sufferings of the Biblical Job as an Icon of Postmodernity: The 'loneliness' of God and the human being in a consumerist paradise.

This article explores ways in which the attitudes of the biblical Job may enrich postmodernist philosophy by addressing some of its inherent problems. The discussion focuses in particular on the biblical Book of Job that can serve as an example of confronting suffering as a dramatic implication of human life that denies the sense of happiness. In an attempt to suppress this fear, the postmodern human contests, in various ways, the truth of their ontic frailty and the fragility of their constructed "happiness". The questions that the biblical Job posed to God with a distinct air of resentment and regret seem at first sight to be meaningless as they are thrown into the void of a terrifying Universe. The critique offered here comes out of a Christian philosophical and theological base which posits that belief in the sacrum, transcendence, God and the hope of eternal life are key elements in a meaning system that fosters mental health and human happiness. In the postmodern system of meaning, individuals may no longer question the existence of God for the sake of human freedom, nor seek evidence of God's non-existence, but simply live as if God does not exist. From a Christian perspective, it appears that non-belief in a transcendent spiritual dimension can inline people in postmodern society to feel that they live in an atmosphere of existential anxiety. Similarly, a Christian critique would consider that it is the postmodernist view of fluidity in all aspects of human life that leads to uncertainty and suffering, a causal consequence that people may not advert to. In this way, confronted with many postmodern phenomena, they may unknowingly live in a world of illusion. The Christian critique would also see it is as necessary and important to address constructively the challenges raised by cultural postmodernity. For this reason, the article will reflect on the realism of human suffering, the forgetting and rejection of God, as well as transcendence.

Religious residue: The impact of childhood religious socialization on the religiosity of nones in France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden.

One of the distinguishing features of religious life in Western Europe in recent decades has been the sharp increase in the proportion of people who identify as unaffiliated with any religious tradition (religious nones). Non-affiliation entails a rejection of religious belonging, not the absence of all religious belief and practice; yet the determinants of religiosity among nones have not been fully explored. Drawing on data from the 1998-2018 ISSP surveys in four West European countries (France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden), I test the impact of childhood religious socialization on the religiosity of unaffiliated adults by comparing lifelong nones, who were never religiously affiliated, with disaffiliates, who were raised within a religious tradition and have since exited organized religious life. Disaffiliates are consistently more religious than lifelong nones due to religious residue from childhood, with greater residue found among those who were more religiously committed as children. Religious decline among the unaffiliated over time, combined with the increasing proportion of lifelong nones and second-generation lifelong nones who lack even an inherited, minimal religious residue, suggest that secularization will gather momentum.

Secularism as a Project of Free and Equal Citizenship: Reflections on the Turkish Case.

This article undertakes a defense of secularism, much maligned by postmodernists and multiculturalists. First, secularism as a normative political principle is conceptually distinguished from the discredited sociological theory of secularization and, second, it is treated as a project of free and equal citizenship. The conceptual discussion is complemented by an assessment of the Turkish case, falsely presented in the literature as a radical form of secularism. The article aims to show that a religious political movement, opposed to secularism, tends to be authoritarian and intolerant of diversity.

Religiosidade e Política na Sociedade Brasileira Secularizada: Uma Leitura Psicanalítica / Religiosity and Politics in the Brazilian Secularized Society: A Psychoanalytic Reading / Religiosidad y Política en la Sociedad Brasileña Secularizada: Una Lectura Psicoanalítica

A interface entre o envolvimento religioso e o espaço político na sociedade, possuindo um longo antecedente de relações, vem ganhando destaque em suas manifestações na conjuntura contemporânea. No presente artigo, buscaremos investigar, através de uma pesquisa teórica, como as novas formas de envolvimento religioso, em suas configurações seculares, podem ter derivado, também, novos caminhos na relação entre religião e política. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, ocupar-nos-emos em expor as formulações freudianas a respeito das motivações que levam o sujeito ao encontro da religião. Também apresentaremos as reformulações presentes na obra de Lacan a respeito do tema, assim como contribuições de outros pensadores, buscando focalizar os pontos onde os autores analisam interseções entre religião e discurso político. Posteriormente, retomaremos algumas considerações históricas sobre a relação entre religião e política no Brasil, encaminhando a discussão para a forma como tal questão se situa na contemporaneidade. Por fim, proporemos uma análise, articulada aos conceitos psicanalíticos expostos, do papel da secularização na conjuntura exposta, tomando como exemplo paradigmático a teologia da prosperidade. Nesse sentido, visamos a apontar como certos paradigmas da secularização possivelmente reorganizaram pontos norteadores das relações estabelecidas entre religião e política no contemporâneo brasileiro.

The interface between religious involvement and political space in our society, considering its long historical relationship, has been gaining attention as a matter of debate in our contemporaneity. In the present article, through theoretical research, we seek to investigate how the new contours of religious involvement within the process of secularization might have also unfolded new forms of relationship between politics and religion. In order to do so, we will first introduce Freud's conception of the motivations that lead to religious involvement. We will also present the reformulations in Lacan's work on the subject, as well as other authors' contributions, trying to focus on the point where both political and religious discourse meet. Next, we will review some historical background on Brazilian religion and politics relation and how this debate is set on the contemporaneity. Finally, we will propose a reflection, with the conceptual system of psychoanalysis, on the secularization process' influence in the social conjecture exposed, using as a paradigmatic example the Prosperity Theology. In this sense, we aim to point out how some aspects of secularization could possibly provide a reorganization of the relationship established between religion and politics in Brazilian contemporaneity.

La interface entre desarrollo religioso y espacio político en la sociedad, que ya posee un largo antecedente de relaciones, vienen ganando destaque en sus manifestaciones en la coyuntura contemporánea. En este artigo, buscaremos investigar, por intermedio de la investigación teórica, como nuevas formas de comprometimiento religioso, en sus configuraciones seculares, pueden tener derivado nuevos caminos en la relación entre religión y política. Por lo tanto, en un primer momento, dedicaremos en exponer formulaciones freudianas en respeto de las motivaciones que llevan el sujeto al encuentro de la religión. También, presentaremos reformulaciones presentes en la obra de Lacan a respeto del tema, así como contribuciones de otros pensadores, buscando foco en puntos donde autores analizan intersecciones entre religión y discurso político. Posteriormente, retomaremos algunas consideraciones históricas sobre la relación entre religión y política brasileña, encaminando la discusión para la forma como esta cuestión se sitúa en la contemporaneidad. Por fin, propondremos un análisis, articulada a los conceptos psicoanalíticos, del papel de la secularización en la coyuntura expuesta, tomando como ejemplo paradigmático la teología de la prosperidad. Así, visamos mostrar como ciertos paradigmas de la secularización posiblemente reorganizaron puntos rectores de relaciones establecidas entre religión y política en el momento contemporáneo brasileño.

Don't Uncover that Face! Covid-19 Masks and the Niqab: Ironic Transfigurations of the ECtHR's Intercultural Blindness.

This essay, between serious and facetious, addresses an apparently secondary implication of the planetary tragedy produced by Covid-19. It coincides with the 'problem of the veil,' a bone of contention in Islam/West relationships. More specifically, it will address the question of why the pandemic has changed the proxemics of public spaces and the grammar of 'living together.' For some time-and it is not possible to foresee how much-in many countries people cannot go out, or enter any public places, without wearing a sanitary mask. In short, almost all of us, by obligation or by urgent advice from the public authorities of the various countries, will not live the public sphere with our faces uncovered. The alteration of the social context affecting many Western countries will inevitably involve also the 'local' perception of the Islamic veil and-as a matter of equality-the consistency of the prohibition of wearing it. What will thus become of the ban on wearing it in public places established by some countries such as France and asseverated by the ECHR? If everyone can and will have to go around with their faces covered, why should only Islamic women be discriminated against? Will not the change in boundary conditions produced by Covid-19 also induce Western people to re-categorize the meaning of the veil? And will this re-categorization not directly affect the 'fact' of wearing the veil, that is, its empirical perception? And still, will this psycho-semantic change not show how empirical perceptions are cultural constructs rather than 'objective facts,' as such allegedly independent from the observer's point of view? Consequentially, will the plurality of perceptions and cultural meanings related to the gesture of covering one's own face not gain renewed relevance in determining the legitimacy of wearing the veil? The socio-semantic earthquake produced by Covid-19 compels us to rethink this and other issues orbiting around the translation of 'facts' into legal language; furthermore, it highlights the instrumentality of many ideological/partisan and ethnocentric assumptions passed off as objectivity regarding those alleged 'facts.' The essay will attempt to provide an answer to the above questions by proposing a semiotic-legal approach to intercultural conflicts and, indirectly, the pluralism in law.

Is Secularization an Age-Related Process?

Secularization has been studied for decades by sociologists of religion. Long-running surveys in the United States and Europe show steady generational decline in religious affiliation and participation, and yet this trend has largely been ignored by gerontologists and life course researchers. We examined data from the Health and Retirement Study, hypothesizing between-cohort declines in religious participation. Based on data from a sample stratified by 10-year birth cohorts, we identified variation in patterns of religious involvement from 2004 to 2016. Measures of attending religious services, feeling religion is very important, and having good friends in the congregation show age-graded patterns; older cohorts have a higher level of religiosity than those following them, with only minor exceptions. For all three measures, differences by cohort within waves of data are statistically significant. We confirm, with longitudinal data, the findings of repeated cross-sectional surveys in the United States showing a generational pattern of decline in religiousness. The consequences of this loss of a common social tie for future older cohorts are unknown, since current older cohorts still maintain a high level of religious participation. However, future generations of older adults are likely to be less familiar with social support from religious institutions, and those institutions may be less available to provide such support as the apparently inexorable processes of secularization continue.

The Universality of Palliative Care Philosophy: A Case Study from India / La universalidad de la filosofía de los cuidados paliativos: un estudio de caso de la India / A universalidade da filosofia dos cuidados paliativos: estudo de caso da Índia

Abstract: The modern hospice movement, which is the origin of what is now known as palliative care, derived strong inspiration from Christianity. Given this original Christian inspiration, the global spread of palliative care even to countries where Christianity is only a minority religion may look surprising. In line with the theory of the "secularization of hospice," it could be argued that palliative care has spread globally because its underlying philosophy has become secular, allowing it to become universal. However, given the continuing importance of religion in many areas of palliative care, we could wonder how secular contemporary palliative care really is. This article argues that the universality of palliative care philosophy resides in its susceptibility to contextualization. Palliative care has become a global success story because people all over the world committed to palliative care's principles and ideas have contextualized these and developed models of palliative care delivery and even philosophy that are adapted to the local socio-economic and cultural-religious contexts. This article analyzes palliative care in India to illustrate this point, describing contextualized models of palliative care delivery and showing that palliative care physicians and nurses in India draw inspiration from their local context and religiosity.

Resumen: el movimiento moderno hospitalario, que es el origen de lo que ahora se conoce como cuidados paliativos, obtuvo una fuerte inspiración del cristianismo. Dada esta inspiración cristiana original, la propagación global de los cuidados paliativos incluso a países donde el cristianismo es sólo una religión minoritaria puede parecer sorprendente. En consonancia con la teoría de la "secularización de la hospitalización", se podría argumentar que los cuidados paliativos se han extendido globalmente puesto que su filosofía subyacente se ha vuelto secular, lo que le permite convertirse en universal. Sin embargo, dada la importancia continua de la religión en muchas áreas de los cuidados paliativos, podríamos preguntarnos cuán seculares son realmente los cuidados paliativos contemporáneos. Este artículo argumenta que la universalidad de la filosofía de cuidados paliativos reside en su susceptibilidad a la contextualización. Los cuidados paliativos se han convertido en una historia de éxito mundial, ya que personas de todo el mundo comprometidas con los principios e ideas de los cuidados paliativos los han contextualizado y han desarrollado modelos de prestación de cuidados paliativos e incluso una filosofía que se adapta al contexto socioeconómico y cultural-religioso local. Este artículo analiza los cuidados paliativos en la India para ilustrar este punto a través de modelos contextualizados de prestación de cuidados paliativos, y muestra que los médicos y enfermeras de cuidados paliativos en la India se inspiran en su contexto local y religiosidad.

Resumo: O movimento moderno hospitalar, que é a origem do que agora é conhecido como "cuidados paliativos", derivou de uma forte inspiragao do cristianismo. Tendo em vista essa inspiração cristã original, a propagação global dos cuidados paliativos, inclusive a países onde o cristianismo é somente uma religião minoritária, pode parecer surpreendente. Em consonância com a teoria da secularização da hospitalização, poderia argumentar-se que os cuidados paliativos vêm se estendendo globalmente, visto que sua filosofia subjacente vem se tornado secular, o que lhe permite converter-se em universal. Contudo, considerando a importância contínua da religião em muitas áreas dos cuidados paliativos, poderíamos perguntar-nos quão seculares são realmente os cuidados paliativos contemporáneos. Neste artigo, argumenta-se que a universalidade da filosofía de cuidados paliativos reside em sua suscetibilidade a contextualização. Os cuidados paliativos vêm se tornando uma história de sucesso mundial, já que pessoas de todo o mundo comprometidas com os princípios e as ideias dos cuidados paliativos os têm contextualizado e tem desenvolvido modelos de prestação de cuidados paliativos e inclusive uma filosofía que é adaptada ao contexto socioeconômico e cultural-religioso local. No texto, são analisados os cuidados paliativos na Índia para ilustrar esse ponto por meio de modelos contextualizados de prestação de cuidados paliativos e é mostrado que os médicos e os enfermeiros de cuidados paliativos na Índia se inspiram em seu contexto local e em sua religiosidade.

The disenchantment of medicine.

The disenchantment of the world and the understanding of the human body as a machine led to the training of physicians as mechanics, specialized in a limited field of the profession, in order to increase their competence and efficiency. The metaphor by which the body is understood as a machine gradually took hold of the public consciousness, changing the perception of society, about the role and purpose of the doctor. In this reality, the doctor-patient relationship, captive to the technical system, descends into dark and cold corners, drained by the mystery of human life. There are times when doctors, aware that their mechanistic training is not always enough to fulfil their vocation, realize that the medical act takes place on two levels: divine and human, and their unity is ensured by the love of God. The lack of this love gives way to evil, with the appearance of surprising medical failures, many of them unexplained rationally.

Symposium: Reflections Before, During, and Beyond COVID-19: Reflections on a Secular Age: Dharmasastric and Confucian Social Orderings.

The modern world is often described as highly secularized. This secularization can distort our view of the past, and also of societies in which secularization holds less sway than in other places. In this essay, I examine Confucianism and Dharmasastra as two paradigms for the study of pre-secular or non-secular societies, comparing and contrasting Confucian and Hindu societies while comparing and contrasting both with the current, "secular age".

Text analysis shows conceptual overlap as well as domain-specific differences in Christian and secular worldviews.

Theories differ over whether religious and secular worldviews are in competition or represent overlapping and compatible frameworks. Here we test these theories by examining homogeneity and overlap in Christian and non-religious people's explanations of the world. Christian and non-religious participants produced free text explanations of 54 natural and supernatural phenomena. Using a new text analytic approach, we quantitatively measure the similarity between 7613 participant generated explanations. We find that the relative homogeneity of Christian and non-religious people's explanations vary depending on the kind of phenomena being explained. Non-religious people provided more similar explanations for natural than supernatural phenomena, whereas Christian explanations were relatively similar across both natural and supernatural phenomena. This challenges the idea that religious systems standardize and restrict people's worldviews in general, and instead suggest this effect is domain specific. We also find Christian and non-religious participants used largely overlapping concepts to explain natural and supernatural phenomena. This suggests that religious systems supplement rather than compete with secular based worldviews, and demonstrates how text analytics can help understand the structure of group differences.

Similar or divergent paths? Religious development of Christian and Muslim adolescents in Western Europe.

Little is known about the religious development of youth in Europe. In light of the growing ethnic diversity of Western European populations, this paper examines two groups of youth with an immigrant background, i.e. Christian and Muslim youth, and compares their religiosity to that of Christian native youth. We differentiate between three indicators of religiosity, namely, subjective importance of religion, frequency of service attendance, and praying frequency. In addition to comparing the changes in the mean of religiosity between groups, we also investigate variations within groups over time. We employ the first three waves of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU), which were collected between 2010 and 2013 with adolescents residing in 958 classes within 480 schools in England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Multiple group linear growth models show that there is an overall slight decrease in subjective importance of religion, frequency of service attendance and praying frequency for Christian youth, while Muslim youth do not experience any significant change on these accounts. Furthermore, the changes in service attendance and praying frequency vary significantly between youth within all groups, while the change with regard to subjective importance of religion varies most within Christian youth and least within Muslim youth.

A Data Mining and Data Visualization Approach to Examine the Interrelationships Between Life Satisfaction, Secularization and Religiosity.

Previous studies have suggested a positive relationship between secularization and happiness, as well as a geographical, cultural and development pattern, primarily based on data gathered in Europe and the USA. To gain a more holistic view on the interrelationships between secularization, religiosity and subjective perception of well-being, this study utilized the Wave 6 archival data set (2010-2014) of World Values Survey, which contains 74,042 observations from 60 countries. In this study, the rating of satisfaction with life was treated as the dependent variable. Four secular value indices and 12 variables related to religiosity were extracted from the data set for predictive analysis. Data mining tools, such as the partition tree and bootstrap forest approaches, suggested that only secular values were influential. Specifically, secular values had a negative relationship with satisfaction. In addition, hierarchical clustering based on secularization and satisfaction did not suggest a meaningful pattern. For example, the dendrogram showed that South Korea, Lebanon, Estonia and Algeria were grouped together. This implies that secularization and satisfaction could vary from country to country, regardless of their geographical location, culture and development status. Specifically, countries that are similar in terms of satisfaction and secularization are not necessarily culturally similar or geographically clustered. This discourages the idea that these factors (e.g., location, development status, culture) play a role in mediating the relationship between secularization and religiosity. By directly contradicting previous work showing a pattern based on Europe and the USA, this finding challenges the existing understanding of the relationship between these factors. By expanding the scope of study to the whole world, the current analysis suggested that the existing view regarding the positive relationship between secularization and well-being might be oversimplified.

Analysis of secularization in Brazil / Análise da secularização no Brasil / Análisis de la secularización en Brasil

This paper analyzes whether Brazil is experiencing a religious secularization process using data from Brazil Religion Survey conducted in 2007. Models of discrete choice are estimated to understand which individual attributes affect disaffiliation, disbelief and lack of religious practice, therefore confirming or disproving secularism hypotheses. Estimations confirm some hypotheses of the theory, for example, that having liberal opinions concerning moral and social issues is positively associated with secularism, and that lower income levels result in lower chances of disaffiliation. In addition, the profile of non-religious people, non-believers and those who do not practice religion is similar. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that there is secularization in Brazil.

Este trabalho analisa se o Brasil está passando por um processo de secularização, utilizando dados da Pesquisa sobre Religião no Brasil, conduzida em 2007. Modelos de escolha discreta foram estimados para entender quais atributos dos indivíduos afetam a desfiliação, descrença e ausência de prática religiosa, para confirmar ou refutar as hipóteses do secularismo. A estimação confirmou algumas hipóteses da teoria. Por exemplo, ter uma opinião liberal acerca de assuntos morais e sociais está positivamente associado com secularismo, enquanto níveis mais baixos de renda incorrem em menores chances de desfiliação. Além disso, o perfil dos desfiliados, descrentes e não praticantes é semelhante. Portanto, é possível afirmar que existe secularização no Brasil.

Este trabajo analiza si Brasil está pasando por un proceso de secularización, para lo cual utiliza datos de la Investigación sobre Religión en Brasil, desarrollada en 2007. Modelos de elección discreta fueron estimados para entender qué atributos de los individuos afectan la desafiliación, la incredulidad y la ausencia de prácticas religiosas, para confirmar o refutar las hipótesis del secularismo. La estimación confirmó algunas hipótesis de la teoría. Por ejemplo, tener una opinión liberal acerca de asuntos morales y sociales está positivamente asociado con el secularismo, mientras que ingresos más bajos implican menores posibilidades de desafiliación. Además, el perfil de los desafiliados, no creyentes y no practicantes es similar. Por lo tanto, es posible afirmar que existe secularización en Brasil.

Matrimonio igualitario en clave de derechos: un acercamiento al debate en América Latina a partir de la secularización de la sociedad / Same-sex Marriage in Terms of Rights: An Approach to the Debate in Latin America from Society Secularization / Casamento homoafetivo em matéria de direitos: uma aproximação do debate na América Latina a partir da secularização da sociedade

Resumen Este texto presenta una conceptualización del matrimonio igualitario como el último eslabón de la secularización del matrimonio en tanto institución social, el cual a su vez responde al proceso de secularización de la sociedad. A partir de esto se muestra cómo se ha desplegado en América Latina la concepción tradicional del matrimonio, de modo que se genera un escenario de rechazo frente al matrimonio igualitario. Al final se expone de qué manera se justifica su reivindicación en clave de derechos con el objetivo de construir sociedades más democráticas.

Abstract This article presents a conceptualization of same-sex marriage as the last link in marriage secularization as a social institution, which responds in turn to the process of society secularization. Accordingly, it shows how the traditional conception of marriage has spread in Latin America, which results in rejection of same-sex marriage. Finally, it expounds how its recognition is justified in terms of rights in order to build more democratic societies.

Resumo Este texto apresenta uma conceituação do casamento homoafetivo como última referência da secularização do casamento enquanto instituição social, que, por sua vez, responde ao processo de secularização da sociedade. A partir disso, demonstra-se como a concepção tradicional do casamento foi implantada na América Latina, e como ela produz um contexto de rejeição contra o casamento entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. Ao final, expõe-se de que maneira sua reivindicação é justificada em termos de direitos, com o objetivo de construir sociedades mais democráticas.